There are four main fungal diseases of lawn grasses.
Take-all patch
Take-all patch (previously called ophiobolus patch) causes circular, brown or straw coloured patches of grass – often extensive in size, up to 1m (3ft). These mainly occur in summer when the grasses are suffering drought stress. It usually attacks fine-leaved grasses. It is one of the most damaging lawn diseases, but it is not that common.
Red thread
Red thread is one of the commonest diseases on lawns. It produces brown patches, and affected grass produces a reddish tinge, later becoming light brown or even bleached. The leaves may bind together. It is more prevalent during a wet summer and during autumn, but attacks can occur at any time of the year, especially on lawns growing on soils that are deficient in nitrogen. Patches vary in size, from 7.5-25cm (3-10in) in diameter, but can be even larger.
Fusarium patch or snow mould
Snow mould, more correctly referred to as fusarium patch, also eventually causes brown patches. These start off as small patches of yellowy, dying grass. The patches increase in size and may reach 30cm (12in) or more in diameter, often merging to produce larger brown areas. During wet conditions a white or pinky, cotton-like fungal growth may be seen, mainly at the margins of the patch.
Fairy rings
The fungi responsible for fairy rings produce rings or circles of dead grass, together with their associated toadstools, in late summer and autumn.
Symptoms are variable, depending on the fungus responsible, but the characteristic symptoms of fairy rings are: an irregular ring of dead grass; adjacent to the dead grass, on both the inside and the outside of the ring, the grass may be greener than the rest of the lawn.